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Subvert Trust Controls: Mark-of-the-Web Bypass
![Defense Evasion [Mitre] icon](/media/2024/04/08/icons8-burglar.svg){kind=small}
Adversaries may abuse specific file formats to subvert Mark-of-the-Web (MOTW) controls. In Windows, when files are downloaded from the Internet, they are tagged with a hidden NTFS Alternate Data Stream (ADS) named Zone.Identifier with a specific value known as the MOTW. Files that are tagged with MOTW are protected and cannot perform certain actions. For example, starting in MS Office …
Read moreSubvert Trust Controls: Code Signing Policy Modification
Adversaries may modify code signing policies to enable execution of unsigned or self-signed code. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a program from a developer and a guarantee that the program has not been tampered with. Security controls can include enforcement mechanisms to ensure that only valid, signed code can be run on an operating system.
Some …
Read moreSystem Binary Proxy Execution: Control Panel
Adversaries may abuse control.exe to proxy execution of malicious payloads. The Windows Control Panel process binary (control.exe) handles execution of Control Panel items, which are utilities that allow users to view and adjust computer settings.
Control Panel items are registered executable (.exe) or Control Panel (.cpl) files, the latter are actually renamed dynamic-link library (.dll) files that export a …
Read moreSpaghetti, Junk Code
Junk code is a technique used to add meaningless or irrelevant instructions to a program, in order to make it more difficult for a disassembler to accurately interpret the program's behavior. This technique is often used by malware authors to make it more difficult for analysts to reverse engineer the malware and understand its behavior.
Junk code can be …
Read moreAbusing the Return Pointer
Abusing the return pointer is an anti-disassembling technique that involves using the return instruction (RETN) in a way that is not expected by the disassembler. This can make it more difficult for the disassembler to accurately reconstruct the program's original instructions and can also make it more difficult for analysts to understand the program's behavior.
The RETN instruction is …
Read moreCtrl+Inject
The "Control Signal Handler Callback" technique involves injecting malicious code into a process by using a callback function for control signal handlers. When a control signal, such as Ctrl+C, is received by a process, the system creates a new thread to execute a function to handle the signal. This thread is typically created by the legitimate process "csrss.exe" in the …
Read moreDomain Generation Algorithm
Domain generation algorithms (DGAs) are algorithms used by malware to generate a large number of domain names that can be used as communication channels with their command and control servers. These domain names are generated periodically, typically using a pseudorandom number generator.
The use of DGAs makes it difficult for law enforcement and other security actors to shut down …
Read moreTor Network C2
Tor is a free and open-source network that enables anonymous communication. It uses a network of volunteer-operated servers, known as "relays," to route internet traffic in a way that conceals the user's location and usage from surveillance and traffic analysis. By routing traffic through multiple relays, Tor makes it difficult to trace internet activity back to the user.
Malware …
Read morePeer to peer C2
Peer-to-peer (P2P) botnets are a type of botnet that uses a decentralized network structure, without a central command and control (C&C) server. Each infected machine in a P2P botnet maintains a list of other trusted computers (including other infected machines), as well as information drop locations and locations where the malware can be updated. Some P2P botnets also use encryption …
Read moreC2 via Social Networks
Malware often relies on a communication channel with its operator in order to receive instructions and updates. This channel is known as a command and control (C&C or C2) channel. C&C channels can take various forms, such as internet relay chat (IRC), peer-to-peer protocols, and even social media. The use of C&C channels allows the operator to remotely control the …
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